A nurse who was jailed for life for the murders of four elderly patients and attempting to murder a fifth has lost appeals against his convictions at the Court of Appeal.
Colin Campbell, formerly known as Colin Norris, was found guilty in 2008 of killing Doris Ludlam, Bridget Bourke, Irene Crookes and Ethel Hall.
They were inpatients on orthopaedic wards where Campbell worked in Leeds in 2002 before they died, and had developed severe, unexplained hypoglycaemia.
Campbell denied any wrongdoing and said he did nothing to cause hypoglycaemia in any of the patients.
His case was referred to the Court of Appeal in London by the Criminal Cases Review Commission (CCRC) in 2021, which said previously that the prosecution relied on 鈥渨holly circumstantial鈥 evidence.
In a 14-day hearing earlier this year, Campbell鈥檚 lawyers argued new expert knowledge meant the convictions were now unsafe while lawyers for the Crown Prosecution Service said much of the same evidence presented was heard by the jury at trial.
In a ruling on Thursday, judges dismissed his appeals.
In their judgment, Lady Justice Macur, Mr Justice Picken and Sir Stephen Irwin said: 鈥淲e have no doubt about the safety of any of the five convictions. The appeals are dismissed.鈥
Campbell was convicted in 2008 after a five-month trial at Newcastle Crown Court, during which time a total of 20 experts gave evidence.
The nurse unsuccessfully appealed against his conviction in 2009 and applied to the CCRC in 2011.
Michael Mansfield KC, for Campbell, told an appeal hearing earlier this year the jury had asked whether there were other cases of patients suffering from 鈥渟udden and profound鈥 hypoglycaemia in any of the Leeds teaching hospitals after Campbell stopped working.
Four such cases had since been identified, Mr Mansfield told the court, with the deaths recorded between January 2003 and August 2005.
The barrister also noted the 鈥渞emarkably similar鈥 ages of all nine cases, with the patients being between 78 and 93, but this 鈥渨as not discussed鈥 at the trial.
But Lady Justice Macur, Mr Justice Picken and Sir Stephen Irwin said these cases did not help Campbell鈥檚 appeals.
They said in their judgment: 鈥淥n our own analysis, the 鈥榚xtra鈥 cases serve to underline rather than undermine this aspect of the phenomena that are said to be distinctive in those cases of administration of exogenous insulin.鈥
James Curtis KC, for the CPS, said during the appeal hearings that there was 鈥渧ery little evidence of any sudden and severe hypoglycaemia when it is caused naturally鈥 and 鈥渟eemingly no evidence鈥 of this in the patients Campbell was convicted of killing.
He said the medical literature shows that sudden and unexpected severe hypoglycaemia 鈥渞emains rare鈥, while the possibility of dying by natural causes was 鈥渇ully explored鈥 at trial.